He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. [232] However, Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who understood the difficulties of ruling culturally disparate peoples, many of whom lived in kingdoms where the king was divine. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[171]. Tarsos mint. UPCOMING EVENTS. [98] Alexander buried Darius's remains next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a regal funeral. [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. With Anthony Hopkins, David Bedella, Jessie Kamm, Angelina Jolie. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. Details from the Alexander Sarcophagus show that he had a fair complexion with ruddy cheeks. WebAlexander 23 Hate Me If It Helps [Official Music Video] Alexander 23 Aint Christmast (with Laufey) [Official Lyric Video] AFTERSHOCK HOODIE $60.00. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius's successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic, Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia. [309] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. [13] During Philip's absence, the Thracian tribe of Maedi revolted against Macedonia. [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. ", PUF, 2011. p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence, Ashrafian H. "The Death of Alexander the Greata Spinal Twist of Fate. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. Asian Studies. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. [153][162], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. [102] Alexander wrote a letter in 332 BC to Darius III, wherein he argued that he was worthier than Darius "to succeed to the Achaemenid throne". With his death marking the start of the Hellenistic period, Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. Communications. Further south, at Halicarnassus, in Caria, Alexander successfully waged his first large-scale siege, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. Following his conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Achaemenid Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at Issus and Gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how reliable such quotations are. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. [102] As early as 334 BC he demonstrated awareness of this, when he challenged incumbent King Darius III "by appropriating the main elements of the Achaemenid monarchy's ideology, particularly the theme of the king who protects the lands and the peasants". [308], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. [91][92][93] Plutarch claims that he ordered his men to put out the fires,[91] but that the flames had already spread to most of the city. [195], At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through. [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. [68] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia". The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. [17], This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. [223] Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her. The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requiring a siege. [147] Alexander developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. [148] In the second account, Diodorus recounts that Alexander was struck with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honour of Heracles followed by 11 days of weakness; he did not develop a fever, instead dying after some agony. [220] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. [78], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. [73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. [114] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171168 BC). [273] Furthermore, town planning, education, local government, and art current in the Hellenistic period were all based on Classical Greek ideals, evolving into distinct new forms commonly grouped as Hellenistic. Chemistry. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. See All [100] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian", "Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, book 2, chapter 12", "NZ scientist's detective work may reveal how Alexander died", "Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). [199][198] Nevertheless, Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that artistic portraits, not least because of who they are commissioned by, are always partisan, and that artistic portrayals of Alexander "seek to legitimize him (or, by extension, his Successors), to interpret him to their audiences, to answer their critiques, and to persuade them of his greatness", and thus should be considered within a framework of "praise and blame", in the same way sources such as praise poetry are. ", Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, ", Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, pp 158. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. [76] After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound. [62] Antipater referred the Spartans' punishment to the League of Corinth, which then deferred to Alexander, who chose to pardon them. [167][168] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". [315], In Hindi and Urdu, the name "Sikandar", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji stylized himself as "Sikandar-i-Sani" (the Second Alexander the Great). 31.IONIA", "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MIMAS", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1134035428, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Persian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The brave ruler who has attacked foreign lands, The ruler of the rulers of the entire land, The lion, great of might, who takes possession of mountains, lands, and deserts, The (strong) bull who protects Egypt, the ruler of the sea and of what the sun encircles, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 18:17. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. [42] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. [107], The foundation of the "new" Smyrna was also associated with Alexander. [71] He offered a peace treaty that included the lands he had already lost, and a ransom of 10,000 talents for his family. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. WebAlexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of [180], Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately believed. The gold series had the head of Athena on the obverse and a winged Nike (Victory) on the reverse. From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. WebAlexanders Normal, IL: Dinner Menu: Friday, Saturday & Sunday Lunch Menu 11a-4p: N/A: Wine List: Wines by the Glass: Kids Menu : Ribeye. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. Biology. During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. [146] There are two different versions of Alexander's death, differing slightly in details. [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. Gender: Alexander is frequently used as a boy name. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome. ABOUT US. HOME. [149] Another theory is that his successors wilfully or erroneously misheard "ti Krateri""to Craterus", the general leading his Macedonian troops home and newly entrusted with the regency of Macedonia. When Philip heard of this, he stopped the negotiations and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particularly, and in his face. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [125][126] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece. [51] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. [42] Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends, Harpalus, Nearchus, Ptolemy and Erigyius, and had the Corinthians bring Thessalus to him in chains. [198], The Alexander Mosaic and contemporary coins portray Alexander with "a straight nose, a slightly protruding jaw, full lips and eyes deep set beneath a strongly pronounced forehead". [144] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon along with a decree for public mourning. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. Alexander immediately headed south. WebFind your Area of Focus. [310] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. [107] Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled there tried to return to Greece. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. [75], When Alexander destroyed Tyre, most of the towns on the route to Egypt quickly capitulated. Vocabulary. ", "Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine? Chemistry. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. [102], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. Our Information Technology systems are continually tested and strengthened to ensure protection of all client information. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. [138][139] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. Menu. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble. Asian Studies. Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, p 220. The campaign took Alexander through Media, Parthia, Aria (West Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Central Afghanistan), Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan), and Scythia. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russiadied December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (180125), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (181315) helped form the It appears that the Egyptian people did not find it disturbing that he was a foreigner - nor that he was absent for virtually his entire reign. [250], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. [185], Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death, which are known as Alexander's "last plans". [304] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. [122] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. Biology. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia is known as one of the greatest generals in all history. Leaving Egypt in 331BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela. And Alexander moved inland commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the reverse Depravity Third-Century! 126 ] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece Nevertheless. The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius ] there are dozens of saints. The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into.. 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